Constructing concrete and like walls in the earth.



G. W. JACKSON. 'Y GONSTRUGTING CONCRETE AND LIKE WALLS IN THE EARTH.APPLICATION FILED MAE. 1-9.I 1910.

, Patented June 7, 1910.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

G. W. JAGKsoN. f coNsTLUcTLNG GONGLBTL AND LIKE WALLS IN THB LAME vAPPLICATION FILED MAR. 19, 1910. A960,941. Patented June 7, 1910.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

Mw N

ANDREW a, GRAHAM om PHOTOVMHOGRAPNERS. wASMmGToN l:` C

GEORGE W. JACKSON, 0F CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.

CONSTRUCTING CONCRETE AND LIKE WALLS IN THE EARTH.

To all whom it may concer/n:

Be it known that I, GEORGE W. JAoxsoN, a citizen of the United States,and a resident of Chicago, in the county of Coolr and State of Illinois,have invented certain new and useful Improvements in the Art ofConstructing Concrete and Like Walls in the Earth; and I do herebydeclare that the following is a full, clear, and exact descriptionthereof, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, and to thecharacters of reference marked thereon, which form a part of thisspecification.

This invention relates to improvements in the art of constructingconcrete or masonry walls in the earth for tunnels and like purposes,and refers more speciiically to an improved method of building suchwalls along the general method or plan outlined in my pendingapplication for United States Letters Patent, Serial Number 544,527,tiled February 18th, 1910. According to the method specifically outlinedin said application, separately formed longitudinal sections of the wallare constructed in successively higher courses, beginning at the bottom,each course being formed by excavating a wall section tunnel for a givendistance, lagging the excavation as it is formed and thereafter llingthe excavation with wall forming material, such as concrete, beginningat the far or blind end of the tunnel or excavation and workingbackwardly.

In accordance with my improved method of constructing the tunnel orother wall, I propose to excavate along with the wall section tunnel asmaller inlet and outlet drift, disposed laterally at the side of andarranged to communicate with the wall section tunnel at different pointsthroughout the length of the latter, through which drift access tothetunnel and egress therefrom, as its construction progresses, may be hadto remove the excavated earth and to carry the filling material into thetunnel to fill the latter. The excavation of said drift is carried alongwith the wall section tunnel and is arranged to communicate with saidtunnel at short intervals throughout its length so that the llingmaterial may be delivered through the drift directly to the point in thetunnel in which it is used to fill the latter. The wall sect-ion tunnelmay be filled or concreted therefore as rapidly as the tunnel isexcavated and lagged, the filling or concret- Specication of LettersPatent.

- Application filed March 19, 1910.

I Patented June 7, 1910.

Serial No. 550,529.

ing work following the excavating work as closely as conditions willpermit, while giving operating space or room for the exca vating andlling gangs. The inlet and outlet drift, as well as the wall sectiontunnel, is lagged as the work of excavation pro ceeds, and said driftremains open so long as work continues on the wall section tunnel servedthereby so as to afford safe ingress to and egress from said tunnel asit is being excavated and as the finished tunnel is being filled. Theinlet and outlet drift is located so close to the wall section tunnelthat the lagging at the side of the tunnel adjacent to said drift servesalso as the lagging for the drift excavation. That is to say, a singlelagging wall separates the drift and tunnel. Access from the drift tothe tunnel may be obtained, therefore, by removing one or more sectionsor lengths of the lagging throughout the height of the drift to provde acommunicating opening. Such point of communication will usually beadjacent to the breasts of the forming tunnel and drift and midwaybetween said breasts and the point at which the filling work follows.After the required length of wall section or course has been made thelagging is removed from the inlet and outlet drift and said drift may befilled if desired. If a next higher wall section or course is to beformed, it is constructed in the same manner as hereinbefore set forth,it being built upon and bonded to the lower wall course. It will beunderstood that a wall consisting of a single section or course may bebuilt in accordance with my improved method, with the full advantagesappearing.

When the tunnel is being excavated in relatively unstable earth, or whenoperating beneath ground that is heavily loaded so that the roof of theexcavation requires support in addition to that afforded by the body ofgreen or unset concrete with which the excavation is filled, I mayarrange to fill the excavation at separated points along the lengththereof and to support the roof of the excavation intermediate theseparated bodies of filling material by special temporary supportingmeans, such as jacks. When filling the excavation in accordance withthis method the supporting means will be retained to support the roofuntil the bodies of concrete or other filling have set or hardened so astov safely take such support. Thereafter the special supporting meansare removed and the spaces previously occupied thereby are filled in orconcreted to complete the wall section or course. The arrangementwhereby a single course of lagging constitutes the dividing wall betweenthe tunnel and inlet and outlet drift permits ready access to the unlledportions of the tunnel after the drift has been excavated beyond saidunfilled portions, it being only necessary to remove the lagging at thepoints to be filled to establish the necessary communication between thetunnel and drift.

As shown in the drawings, Figure 1 is a cross section showing the mannerof constructing a wall in accordance with my improved method, the viewillustrating the construction of the lower course of the wall. Fig. 2 isa similar section showing the lower course completed and the uppercourse in process of construction. Fig. 3 is a longitudinal section of alength of the tunnel and drift, said view being taken on the line 3--3of Fig. 1. Fig. 1 is a vertical section taken through a partiallycompleted wall section tunnel, showing special means for temporarilysupporting the tunnel roof at longitudinally separated points betweenshort complete sections of the wall course.

The walll() shown in Figs. 1 and 2 is made of two separately formedsuperposed sections or courses designated as No. 1 and N o. 2. In Fig. 1the wall section tunnel for lower course, No. 1, is shown in the processof construction, while the position of course No. 2 is indicated indotted lines. In Fig. 2 the lower course, No. 1, is shown as com pletedwhile course No. 2 is in the process of construction. The earth removedto receive the wall sections or courses is excavated in the manner ofsmall tunnels, herein designated as wall section tunnels, the tunnel forthe lower wall course or section being designated by A and the tunnelfor the upper section or course of the wall being designated by B. Aseach wall section tunnel is excavated it is lagged and braced to supportthe tunnel walls. The lagging 12 is sup"- ported by suitable formsconsisting of open, generally rectangular frames, comprising the sideuprights 14, 14, the bottom and top cross members 15, 16, respectively,and intermediate braces 17. The said lagging is made of convenientlength, usually about three feet. In setting the bracing or forms of anupper excavation or tunnel, the side members or uprights thereof may beattached rigidly to the uprights of the forms of a lower completedcourse, which latter forms will remain in the concrete body of the lowercourse to reinforce t-he same; and the top cross members 16 of the formsof the lower course may constitute the bottom members of the forms ofthe next upper Section or course.

C designates a horizontal drift, of smaller cross section than thetunnel, which is excavated alongside and parallel to the wall sectiontunnel, immediately adjacent thereto, to constitute an inlet and outletdrift through which the operatives may pass into and out of the tunnel,and through which also the earth excavated from the tunnel may beremoved and the filling material and forms and lagging may be conveyedor passed to the tunnel. The said drift may be reached from the groundlevel through the vertical shaft 19 indicated in dotted lines in Fig. 1.The excavation of the drift is carried along with that of the tunnel, asindicated in Fig. 3, and the walls of the drift are supported by thelagging 2O and supporting forms therefor, the latter consisting of theuprights 21 and the bottom and top members 22, 23, respectively. Thelagging at the in ner side of the drift consists of the lagging 12 of'the adjacent side of the tunnel, so that communication between the inletand outlet drift and the tunnel is afforded by removing one or moresections of the lagging, as indicated at 25 in Fig. 3, and also in Figs.1 and 2. The forms and lagging are placed as the excavation proceeds inboth the wall section tunnel and the drift.

The communication between the tunnel and drift, afforded by the removalof one or more sections of the lagging, as shown at 25, is carried alongadjacent to or at a suitable distance in rear of the breasts of thetunnel and drift as shown in Fig. 3, the said communicating openingbeing advanced or carried forward as the excavating work proceeds. Asthe positions of said communicating openings are advanced by the removalof sections of the lagging constituting the wall between the tunnel anddrift, the lagging is placed in position to close the openingstheretofore constituting the communicating openings between the tunneland drift so as to provide continuous lagging walls against which toform the concrete as the work of filling the tunnel progresses or iscarried forwardly. The filling of the tunnel with concrete or like wallformingmaterial is carried on closely adjacent to the communicatingopening 25 between the tunnel and drift so that the tunnel may be filledor concreted practically as soon as it is excavated. In this manner theperiod of time in which the forms and lagging are required to supportthe earthen walls of the t-unnel is reduced, as compared to the methodof constructing the wall set forth in my aforesaid application, whereinthe tunnel is first completed throughout a given length and isthereafter filled or concreted, beginning at the far or blind end of thetunnel.

After a lower course has been completed in the manner described, theupper course may be constructed in the same manner as CII the lowercourse, a new inlet and outlet drift bein constructed alongside theupper tunnel to a ord direct access to and egress from the tunnel forthe purposes specified. When the superjacent wall section tunnel isbeing excavated, the top lagging of the lower completed course isremoved before the concrete of said upper course is placed, so that theupper and lower courses of concrete may be bonded together.

When each wall course is finished the lagging and supporting form of thedrift associated will be removed and the drift excavation may or may notbe filled. If said wall constitutes the wall of a tunnel or subway, thesaid drifts will be located at the inner or tunnel side of the wall andwill not require to be filled when the wall is completed, inasmuch asthe area in which the drifts are contained will be removed in thecompletion of the tunnel or subway.

As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, the inlet and outlet drifts are located atthe level of the tops of the wall section tunnels. This location orarrangement is advantageous, inasmuch as it permits the concrete at thetop of the filling body to be tamped solidly against the lagging at theroof of the tunnel from the side of the filling body, and, obviously,the tamping will be more effectual than where the tamping is directedfrom the end of the filling body. In some instances, a single inlet andoutlet drift may be located at the side of and midway between an upperand a lower tunnel so as to serve both tunnels.

In Fig. 4 is illustrated a method of supporting the roof of a tunnelthat is excavated in earth which requires supporting means in additionto that afforded by a body of green or unset concrete. Such need foradditional su port may arise by reason of a relatively soft or unstableearth, or by reason of the loading of the ground above or along the sideof the line of the tunnel wall. The method indicated in said Fig. 4consists in placing separated bodies a, a of the filling material atpoints along the length of the tunnel and supporting the tunnel roof atpoints between the separated bodies a by temporary supporting means, asthe jacks 26. The said temporary supporting means relieve the unset,separated filling bodies of the large part of the load of the top wallor roof of the tunnel until said bodies set or harden. Thereafter thetemporary supporting means are removed, and upon their removal the roofload is borne by the bodies until the intermediate sections of thetunnel are filled and the filling material hardened or set. Inasmuch asthe lagging between the tunnel and drift may be readily removed at anypoints desired to provide communieating openings from the drift to thetunnel, the subsequent filling of the tunnel sections intermediate thebodies a of filling material, after the temporary supporting means areremoved, may be very conveniently and quickly effected.

l claim as my invention:

l. The improvement in the art of constructing concrete and like walls inthe earth, which consists in excavating a tunnel along the line of theproposed wall, excavating an inlet and outlet drift laterally alongsideof the tunnel, providing communicating openings between said tunnel anddrift at separate points throughout the length of the tunnel andconveying filling material through said drift and said communicatingopenings into the tunnel and fillililig said tunnel therewith tocomplete the wa 2. The improvement in the art of constructing concreteand like walls in the earth, which consists in excavating a tunnel alongthe line of the proposed wall, excavating an inlet and outlet driftlaterally alongside of the tunnel throughout the length of the latter,bracing and lagging said tunnel and drift, having a single lagging wallarranged to separate the drift and tunnel, removing sections of thelatter lagging wall at different points along the tunnel and drift toprovide separate communicating openings between the tunnel and drift,and conveying lling material through said drift and said communicatingopenings into the tunnel and filling said tunnel therewith to completethe wa l.

3. The improvement in the art of con structing concrete and like wallsin the earth, which consists in excavating successively higher wallsection tunnels, beginning at the lower level of the wall, separatelyfilling each wall section tunnel with wall forming material, excavatinginlet and outlet drifts laterally alongside the wall section tunnels,and providing communicating openings between the drifts and the tunnelsat separate points throughout the length of said tunnels.

4. The improvement in the art of constructing concrete and like walls inthe earth, which consists in excavating a wall section tunnel, fillingthe tunnel at separated points with spaced bodies of wall formingmaterial, supporting the tunnel roof intermediate the spaced fillingbodies with temporary sup orting means, while the spaced bodies offiling material sets, and finally filling the sections of the tunnelpreviously occupied by said temporary supporting means with wall formingmaterial to complete the wall.

5. The improvement in the art of constructing concrete and like walls inthe earth, which consists in excavating a tunnel 10 filling material setand finally filling the tunnel intermediate lthe spaced bodies tocomplete the Wall.

In testimony, that I Claim the foregoing as my invention I ailix mysignature in the presence of two Witnesses, this fifteenth day l5 ofMarch A. D. 1910.

GEORGE W. JACKSON. Witnesses:

A. D. SHANKS, W. M. CLARK.

